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[title] => Najstariji oblik života na Zemlji su - spužve? Najnovije otkriće iz Kanade dodatno će ‘zakuhati‘ raspravu među paleontolozima
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Fosilne strukture koje podsjećaju na spužve, otkrivene na sjeverozapadu Kanade i živjele u oceanima prije 890 milijuna godina, možda su najstariji oblik života poznat na Zemlji, doznaje se iz studije objavljene u časopisu Nature.
Geologinja Elizabeth Turner, s odjela za sedimentologiju na kanadskom sveučilištu Laurentian u Sudburyju, koja te fosile pronalazi na prastarim mikrobskim grebenima očuvanim u stijenama zabačenog kanadskog Sjeverozapadnog Teritorija, svoje je istraživanje započela još tijekom diplomskog studija 90-ih.
Njezino otkriće dovodi u pitanju dugo prihvaćenu teoriju prema kojoj su se životinje pojavile tek nakon znatnog zasićenja atmosfere i oceana kisikom i potaknulo žučljivu raspravu među paleontolozima.
Spužve su jednostavne životinje s dugom poviješću. Genetska analiza današnjih spužvi navodi na zaključak da su se najvjerojatnije pojavile u razdoblju od prije milijarde i 500 milijuna godina, no nitko do sada nije otkrio fosile iz razdoblja poznatog kao neoproterozoik, geološke ere koja je trajala prije 1000 do 542 milijuna godina.
Većina glavnih skupina životinja, uključujući člankonošce, mekušce i crve, prvi put se pojavljuje u fosilima tijekom Kambrijske eksplozije, prije 541 milijun godina, no prema Turner, fosili spužvi sa sjeverozapada Kanade mogli bi biti stariji za 350 milijuna godina, što znakovito pomiče unatrag "datum rođenja" životinja koje su se prve pojavile na zemlji.
Turner je pod mikroskopom identificirala cijelu mrežu sićušnih granajućih cjevastih struktura. Kasnije je uvidjela da te strukture podsjećaju na unutarnju građu današnjih spužvi (kojima nedostaju iglice, ali imaju spongin, kolagenski protein koji gradi kostur spužve) i da se poklapaju s očekivanim raspadom i fosilizacijom spongina.
Ako se utvrdi da su fosili koje je pronašla uistinu spužve to bi značilo da su živjele 90 milijuna godina prije nego je kisik na Zemlji dosegao razinu nužnu za razvoj životinjskog svijeta.
Turner smatra da je moguće da su najranija životinjska bića podnosila male količine kisika.
Neki znastvenici, međutim, nisu uvjereni da mikroskopske strukture u fosilima starim 890 milijuna godina ukazuju na pradavne spužve.
Rachel Wood, geo znanstvenica sa Sveučilišta Edinburgh, objašnjava da mikrobi, a ponekad i kristali mogu proizvesti neobične i zadivljujuće oblike koje podsjećaju na strukture koje formiraju živi organizmi.
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Fosilne strukture koje podsjećaju na spužve, otkrivene na sjeverozapadu Kanade i živjele u oceanima prije 890 milijuna godina, možda su najstariji oblik života poznat na Zemlji, doznaje se iz studije objavljene u časopisu Nature.
Geologinja Elizabeth Turner, s odjela za sedimentologiju na kanadskom sveučilištu Laurentian u Sudburyju, koja te fosile pronalazi na prastarim mikrobskim grebenima očuvanim u stijenama zabačenog kanadskog Sjeverozapadnog Teritorija, svoje je istraživanje započela još tijekom diplomskog studija 90-ih.
Njezino otkriće dovodi u pitanju dugo prihvaćenu teoriju prema kojoj su se životinje pojavile tek nakon znatnog zasićenja atmosfere i oceana kisikom i potaknulo žučljivu raspravu među paleontolozima.
Spužve su jednostavne životinje s dugom poviješću. Genetska analiza današnjih spužvi navodi na zaključak da su se najvjerojatnije pojavile u razdoblju od prije milijarde i 500 milijuna godina, no nitko do sada nije otkrio fosile iz razdoblja poznatog kao neoproterozoik, geološke ere koja je trajala prije 1000 do 542 milijuna godina.
Većina glavnih skupina životinja, uključujući člankonošce, mekušce i crve, prvi put se pojavljuje u fosilima tijekom Kambrijske eksplozije, prije 541 milijun godina, no prema Turner, fosili spužvi sa sjeverozapada Kanade mogli bi biti stariji za 350 milijuna godina, što znakovito pomiče unatrag "datum rođenja" životinja koje su se prve pojavile na zemlji.
Turner je pod mikroskopom identificirala cijelu mrežu sićušnih granajućih cjevastih struktura. Kasnije je uvidjela da te strukture podsjećaju na unutarnju građu današnjih spužvi (kojima nedostaju iglice, ali imaju spongin, kolagenski protein koji gradi kostur spužve) i da se poklapaju s očekivanim raspadom i fosilizacijom spongina.
Ako se utvrdi da su fosili koje je pronašla uistinu spužve to bi značilo da su živjele 90 milijuna godina prije nego je kisik na Zemlji dosegao razinu nužnu za razvoj životinjskog svijeta.
Turner smatra da je moguće da su najranija životinjska bića podnosila male količine kisika.
Neki znastvenici, međutim, nisu uvjereni da mikroskopske strukture u fosilima starim 890 milijuna godina ukazuju na pradavne spužve.
Rachel Wood, geo znanstvenica sa Sveučilišta Edinburgh, objašnjava da mikrobi, a ponekad i kristali mogu proizvesti neobične i zadivljujuće oblike koje podsjećaju na strukture koje formiraju živi organizmi.
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14. svibanj 2024 17:23
